Although numerous antenna applications demand broad bandwidths, many antenna configurations simply cannot achieve the bandwidths these applications require. For example, both communication and radar systems operate over broad bands of frequency (greater than 2:1 and typically 10:1), yet the electrically or physically limited (compact) antennas available...

Microwaves have a wide use in telecommunications, radar, semiconductor, industrial and biological applications. Hence, a precise knowledge of the microwave properties of materials is critical for efficient design and operation of microwave systems. In the measurement of dielectric and magneto-dielectric constitutive properties of lossy materials,...

Microwaves have a wide use in telecommunications, radar, semiconductor, industrial and biological applications. Hence, a precise knowledge of the microwave properties of materials is critical for efficient design and operation of microwave systems. In the measurement of microwave constitutive properties of a material, two standard approaches are...

Anomalies on semiconductor substrates, such as process contaminants, post-polishing substrate fragments, or voids, must be accurately located and identified in order to obtain the cleanliness required by the next generation of integrated microcircuits. While technological advances have reduced the critical anomaly size to less than 80 nm, existing...

Nanotechnology is the study of the control of matter at the atomic and molecular level, and is focused mainly on the creation of materials and equipment to work within that scale. One thing holding back the advancement of this technology is the lack of experimental tools capable of visualizing nanoprocesses in real time across their full range of...