Cell culture is an indispensible tool in many fields including cell biology, immunology, microbiology, cancer and infectious disease research. However, conventional two-dimensional culture, which involves growing cells as monolayers on solid, impermeable surfaces, may lead to the loss of key phenotypic and functional cell characteristics, and often...

The low sedimental fluid shear conditions encountered during spaceflight and spaceflight analogue culture uniquely alter the virulence (disease-causing potential), gene expression, stress response, and metabolism of microbial cells in novel ways not observed using traditional culture conditions. Since low sedimental fluid shear environments also...