A single biomarker is often insufficient to identify a given disease with both sensitivity and specificity. In such cases, one or more additional tests for other biomarkers are used in order to accurately diagnose the disease. The disadvantage of this process is that multiple sensors, wells, platforms, and/or labels are frequently required to measure...

Employing selective epitaxy to grow fully strained Si-Ge alloys in the source and drain (S/D) of a p-type metal-oxide semiconductor (PMOS) transistor compresses the Si-channel to significantly increase the hole mobility, and consequently, the speed of the device. Ge-rich alloys, where Ge constitutes = 50% of the alloy, are of particular interest...

For mobile devices, reducing power draw and prolonging battery life are critical design objectives. Presently, current-steering digital to analog converters (DACs) require high power consumption and dynamic element matching and are vulnerable to component source mismatch. Accordingly, large rail devices and higher supply voltages are needed. Additionally,...

As a result of inefficiency, radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers typically consume high levels of current. Consequently, there have been numerous attempts to use external circuitry in order to improve the efficiency of RF power amplifiers located on integrated circuits (ICs); however, these attempts have failed to provide the desired improvements...

In many electronics applications various blocks of components on the integrated circuit may have optimal power consumption at different operational voltages. Power optimization and low power requirements are getting even more critical in wireless applications. Several low power schemes are in use today. In some mobile applications, minimizing power...