A single biomarker is often insufficient to identify a given disease with both sensitivity and specificity. In such cases, one or more additional tests for other biomarkers are used in order to accurately diagnose the disease. The disadvantage of this process is that multiple sensors, wells, platforms, and/or labels are frequently required to measure...

The ability to quickly and reliably detect minute changes in environmental conditions,including the presence of chemical, biological or other physical threats within a low-cost, miniaturized package would have broad impact across a variety of application. The presence or absence of specific chemicals and toxic gases in air, harmful compounds in...

Lock in Amplifiers can extract signals from extremely noisy environments. This property can be put to use in improving the detection of signals in micro channels. In effect there is improvement in the signal to noise ratio hence increasing detection sensitivity in environmental and biological tests in miniaturized systems. There have are several...

Commercial applications of nanotechnology require reliable and cost-effective methods to mass-fabricate various nanostructured materials and devices. Atomic-scale contacts between metal electrodes have been created mechanically by breaking a fine metal wire and by separating two metal electrodes in contact. The breaking and separating are usually...