Heterogeneous immunoassays are attractive for detecting protein markers due to their high specificity and sensitivity, but the required washing steps are difficult to do on small scales. ELISA assays take time and require expensive equipment and skilled personnel. A need exists for an immunoassay that retains the high specificity and sensitivity,...

The development of new drugs and diagnostic assays requires the ability to identify and prepare high-affinity, high-specificity ligands. Monoclonal antibodies are useful reagents in this regard, but are difficult to humanize and express in large amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are also intrinsically limited by the immunological repertoire of the...

Despite decades of research, cancer remains one of today’s most pressing health concerns. Traditional treatment approaches such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy can cause systemic toxicity and become ineffective when resistant tumors emerge. Recently, anticancer strategies have focused on drugs which specifically target tumor-related biological...

Despite decades of research effort, cancer remains one of today’s most pressing health concerns. Present day treatment methods tend to include debilitating side effects mainly due to low specificity of the treatments. Recently, some attempts have been made to augment tumor immunity by using bi-specific, hybrid antibodies that direct immune cells...

The development of new drugs and diagnostic assays requires the ability to identify and prepare high-affinity, high-specificity ligands. Monoclonal antibodies are useful reagents in this regard, but are difficult to humanize and express in large amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are also intrinsically limited by the immunological repertoire of the...

Current research in genomics, proteomics and personalized medicine requires fast, precise and high-throughput target profiling. To meet this challenge, barcode technology for massively parallel and high-throughput bio-detection has attracted much attention. Furthermore, multifunctional carriers would find broad usage in in vitro diagnostics and...

A variety of medical ailments can be characterized by the presence of specific nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids that are generated during the course of the ailment. Multiplexed and sensitive detection of these molecules is of great importance in the medical diagnostics field. Current technologies designed to detect biological events coded by...

The development of new drugs and diagnostic assays requires the ability to identify and prepare high-affinity, high-specificity ligands. Monoclonal antibodies are useful reagents in this regard, but are difficult to humanize and express in large amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are also intrinsically limited by the immunological repertoire of the...